Ghana in recent times faces debt distress attributable to an increased in debt levels due to higher deficits, financed by domestic and external borrowing, often due to weak debt management practices, poor economic strategic management and loose fiscal policy.
Year 2021 and beyond will be a very challenging and difficult for the country. The consequence of economic policy slippages had been a moral hazard and has the potential to move the nation from sovereign financial crisis to economic crisis in the immediate short-term.
The share of the non-resident investment in domestic government debt has fallen to 20 percent, from the high of 40 percent. It is interesting to note that the premature and early exit of foreign investors in the domestic market is a tale sign of underlining economic danger. Their premature redemption has forced government to use the national pensions funds to pay for the non- maturing debt of these investors. This is a clear example of how financial crisis can become economic crisis.
There is a clear indication that the country’s debt is to go beyond 72.8 percent of GDP and IMF pegs this figure at 74 percent to 76 percent by the end 2020, which includes the outstanding stock of GH₵7.6 billion. This figure represent 2.1 percent of the national GDP. The country debt is gone beyond HIPC Levels. The government’s 2019 Energy Sector recovery programme indicated that the sector’s arrears could reach as much as US$12.5 billion. And this will constitute 18 percent debt of 2020 GDP by 2023.
The country’s GDP per capita, when adjusted by purchasing power parity is equivalent to 30 percent of the world average. This means that the purchasing power of the country’s real exchange rate can only afford 30 percent of foreign imported goods. This can also be translated to mean that the country’s real exchange rate has depreciated to about 70 percent.
These factors are attributable to a non-performing economy, with a less competitive look.
Due to Ghana unsustainable debt, report from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) indicate that, debt sustainability for low income economies including Ghana was increasingly at risk before the COVID-19 crisis began.
Government of Ghana is seeking a temporary relief, under the World Bank debt-standstill programme. This has similar characteristics as HIPC initiative.
It is estimated that the programme will free up approximately US$500 million in short-term through deferred interest and principal payments until the end of year 2020.
What bothers most economic watchers is that what is likely to happen in 2021 when the programme has long ended in 2020?
This is a temporal relief, and the long run debt crisis is still pending while the government watches on helplessly.
These measures as initiated by the World Bank for debt distress countries however, are not enough to curb the growing chatter among creditors, multilaterals, and governments and that Ghana is increasingly at risk of unexpected economic fallout.
Such an outcome for the country, which would include other governments and/or multilateral parities guaranteeing its debt, would create both an economic and political catastrophe.
Economic watchers have total conviction that mismanagement of our economy suggests that we are sleepwalking into economic crisis.
The writer is the Group President of MBIC Group and a global strategy and economic consultant.
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